This report sets out the conceptual framing of transformation and transformative climate policies taken in the 4i-TRACTION project. Transformative EU climate policy needs to address the challenge of transforming the European Union to climate neutrality in its entirety – across all sectors, addressing all its technological, economic, political and social implications. The report sets out four ‘hallmarks’ that distinguish a transformative approach to climate policy, namely:

• Thinking back from the end
• Overcoming path-dependencies
• Developing transformational institutions
• Fostering sectoral and technical integration

The report then discusses the four cross-cutting challenges, which EU climate policy needs to address as key vectors for the transformation to climate neutrality - the 4 i's central to the 4i-TRACTION project:

• Stimulating innovation to transform the material base of the EU economy
• Rolling out the necessary infrastructure for a resilient, climate-neutral economy
• Shifting investment and finance
• Achieving integration of policies and technologies across sectors

These four key challenges will guide the 4i-TRACTION project in its entirety and serve as lenses to grasp and foster transformation in EU climate policymaking.